Mastering Japanese Grammar: Key Expressions, Koto Usage & Verb Forms

[Music] konichiwa and welcome to the class in the second

lecture series on introduction to japanese language and culture today we are going to do a passage and

from the passage we are going to learn some expressions and some greetings also we will do some new grammar

with some old which we will revise over here now as i have written both in roman

and in the script well those of you who want to appear for the

jlpt exam well you can concentrate on the script and you can practice your hiragana and

katakana because you know and i am sure a lot of you have already seen the site that the exam is conducted

in the script with kanji characters so you have to be prepared with the script

deskara [Music] and students who are not keen on

doing the script they just want to speak and just interact well you don't have to

concentrate at all on the script you can just concentrate on the roman part that will help you in

speech now this kaiva that i am going to do today this

passage that i have here is divided in three parts so the first part we are going to do today and the

other two we are going to do in our later lessons so let us see what we have here in the kaiva for you

know [Music] foreign

[Music] so you just heard the kaiwa and the kaiwa is between rao and hana hana is

the japanese name and generally ko is added after the names of girls so actually it is hanako but hana is also

used hanasan or you have done this expression before

asking something so well you would use sumima send this means

but even though i am asking you but please could you tell me

so you did koto last time this is a new usage of koto which we are going to

do now they i do not understand japanese culture

thus thus therefore uh won't you please tell me the verb is o

shi eru these two join together and become polite

which you have done just now in your lesson 21 okay in that case

well then mazu mazu is first and foremost before

an expression used generally before eating or drinking by the japanese

i have a picture also later for you what they do is they join their hands thank god

thank the person who has cooked the meal so basically a prayer to the almighty sure

well he says i understand that but informal

eating they also say something after eating what is that

you could have said sure survanandeska suriva nan

this ka well hanachan says

so this taka where did you hear it they do say

something but where did you hear it the other day

otaku is uchi so when you talk about someone else's uchi just to be polite and respectful you

would say otaku and o is the honorific over here which is now joined with the word taku and has become one word

and for uchi otaku is used when you are talking about somebody else's house so sensei know

when i had gone

there okay ita is past tense toki is time so when i was there

me because it is time expression so particle ni shokoji

i was very shy and thus did not ask kikima says to listen kiku the verb is

kiku to listen and to

ask both so kiki masendeshtha i did not ask and not i did not

hear rausan hazukashi kotova arimasen again koto is used in a different way you have done it differently in your

previous lesson i am just going to take it up after the explanation when you do not understand

itsumo always so this is a small kaiva where there are two important things itadakimasu and

gochiso sama gucci so summa is again thank you very much for the meal

this is in the script so you have nihon again mayani

mai gohan we are going to take this up taberu also nihonjin then ato also we are going to

take in the kanji then kiki mas kiki mas

sensei you can go over all the countries and the other

kanjis which are left we are going to do some time during our course so well

you just heard the kaiwan so let us start with the first part of the kaiba now the first thing was

you have done this joining of adjectives i adjectives and now adjectives with kute

so if the first adjective is i then if you join it with another adjective it is joint with

kute and today we have something different which is

with a verb so hazuka she could so now you will see that you can use the

kute form with verbs as well now what are those

let us see akai yasui

so remove the i from here put kute

with another adjective ini akakute this is what you have done so far joining two i adjectives

or joining i adjectives and na adjectives with kute

now today what have you done you have done adjective

with a verb for example e

remove the i as we did over here so you will see that you can also join

verbs over here with now in our last lesson we learned verb plus kotogadekiru

which shows ability to perform an activity today we saw new usage of koto

which is noun plus no koto

now the word koto is a noun koto means pertaining to a thing to an incident to some matter

but remember it is not something material it refers to whatever is being mentioned there in the

sentence now now no koto is used with verbs as well like

shiru vasuderu hanasu so let us see

what they are what does this mean about

sensei about gaksay indono koto so you will see

that no is used with kutto

noun means related to pertaining to about

whatever the noun is what is the difference between the two

in this and this well this is so one there is no no two

this is pertaining to the noun about the noun

but this is activity whatever the verb is saying

about talking related to talking and then the verb is de khimas

or masen over here i cannot do this activity or i can

do this activity that's the basic difference so now let us see what it means

as you can see over here about noun or regarding the noun

i just told you so with nouns you can use with no

with adjectives you will see before koto it's either omushiroi or in the past tense um

of course this you may not be able to use that easily at the moment these two

will be more easy to use

so you can see now okay please talk about

your mother regarding your mother

no do not forget tomorrow's

meeting about tomorrow's meeting

then nichiyo bino picnic no koto vasure mashtaka have you forgotten about the picnic we are going to have on

sunday have you forgotten about the picnic so about

again so over here you can have any noun noun can be anything

daigaku [Music] so you will see

over here that we have shiro verb

we have hanasu and we have vasu

these three verbs are mainly used there are other verbs as well you will see indonesia

so you know a lot about india isn't it then the indonesia about indian culture

about indian culture amari shiranai we are going to do amari

just now amari will make a negative sentence

and the verb over here will always be in negative the meaning will be towards negative

he does not know much about indian culture

omo shiroi koto kiki masta so i have heard something very very interesting

something something which is very very interesting i have

heard nakuto okay

i will tell you something very very important so over here koto is something

about something something very good

again something very good i will tell you

then omoshiro koto i'm sure these examples are making it very clear how to use koto over here

koto is very adjective this is noun

noun over here and then again adjective and adjective

so i am sure this is very clear how to use koto

there is more for you minasan vakarimashtaka so i can ask you now i have told you so

much [Music] so sensei not at all there are lot of

things i do not understand lot of things

so over here taksan is there which is similar to yoko

yoko you cannot measure where is thak sun you can count you can see you can measure

if you say esn say yokova karima san kedo i do not know

how many but then how many i am not very sure

though yokota is the describe is what it means so different ways you

can use koto that's what i am trying to show to you you did earlier with

nouns you did with adjectives and these are certain special

ways you can use koto ashtakarasuru kotogarimasen ashta is tomorrow

as you know time expression kara from i do not have

so from tomorrow i have nothing to do nothing to do i am free ashtakara

himades sen i have nothing to do from tomorrow i have lot of free time

so now somebody older is saying because he says taro so this is a direct statement over here to taro the person

who's saying is definitely older to taro could be his father his uncle

and because he says uka son that means he knows that taru might forget what kokasan or his mother has told him

so taro okay whatever she has

whatever she has said do you remember

what she has told you said or told in this case told you so different ways of using

koto with verb over here with verb again over here with verb over

here so you will notice that verb is in plain form before

koto now what happens over here is that koto is a noun

this is a verb when the two join together this becomes a noun phrase

or it changes it into a noun the verb changes into a noun when koto is added so then it can be used

like a noun minasana

hi suzuki masho now there is still more minasan ashtanu

chicken yoku is you do not know how much so some kind of

degree but cannot be measured

[Music] it is all right time has come for you to now

forget it not to bother so much instead of chicken

you can add any of this over here mensetsu is interview

toron is debate kaigee is meeting you know and hapiyo is

presentation so happy yokudeki nakatakotorete that you could not perform well please

forget then we have vatashiva fudede by fude kanjio kaku kotoga dekimas this is what

we did in our last lesson this activity of writing with

food i can do

food is brush so before koto verb will be in

plain form verb in plain form noun

no koto adjective as is and now ejected

this is the most important part over here this means

about noun and verb no koto is activity

now we also have amari in archiva you just saw it is an adverb and means not that much

or not very much it is used in negative sentences and meaning is always in the negative

so amari not that

much now annemarie is also used the spelling is a nmari

is also used in conversation for more emphasis so this

sound is nasal and more stresses over here like though n is written but m is

pronounced but when we write amari is preferred and it means the same as unmarry

is just a phonological variant and meaning is exactly the same it does not change

for example you can say vatasiva amari ikita kunai with verbs so all the time you will see that verb

is in the negative and the meaning is also in the amari i

am not very keen on doing this

so you have with verb then you have with noun

with adjective and with na adjective

see how it is made saifoni okanega amari ari masan amari

nai as is given over here psypho is your purse your wallet ni okanega you can see it over there soga ari

masen if you say siphony

[Music] you don't have that much

now [Music] and because amari is there you cannot

use omoshiroi so you have to change it in the negative and how do you change

adjectives in the negative remove the i put takaku

it is not that expensive now this is in the past this is past negative because you've already seen the

aega so egaba amari omoshiro ko [Music] and

this so if you remember we had done that this does not change whether it is

negative whether it is positive whether it is in past or past

negative what changes over here is this part yes

and nakatta this is given over here this part

doesn't change this part changes so just go back to your lessons

and see i have also revised it in the first week so you can see it over there as well

nihongo gamari josudeva arimasen so now adjective nihongo ga amari not that much josu is

good you have done this kanji so josu

deva ari masen na adjectives and nouns follow a similar pattern [Music]

this dictionary or kuno eva jitten english japanese dictionary benry deva nai it is not that

useful it is not that convenient i am sure you've got it now how to use amari with verbs and nouns not

adjectives and adjectives so practice this with your partner now there was also a word

mine you have done mini with ari

mas so it shows presence of an object in front of

something or related to something so over here it is way in a similar manner you can use

my this is what you have done earlier showing presence of another thing

with relation to another object basically used as

prepositions though they are not called prepositions in japanese but in english in an on

at under below is what we can relate to so now what does this mean

now no my and verb in

plain form so it does not refer to front

it tells you about situation basically before an action

something is happening so we will see that just now shikhen nomani

benkyoshtekudasai so she can is noun no maini before the

chicken which is test before the chicken benkyoshta kudasai who would say that

your mother would say that or your teachers would say that or somebody who cares for you

would say that before she can please study she can nominee or happy nominee

before the happy presentation i have to do a lot of things

i must do a lot of things before the chicken

what did they do they saw a film so this talks about situation

and not about existence of a certain thing with relation to

another it's a simple construction now no mining

before a head front off

are the basic meanings for mini here we are using these two

now verb plus mini how do we use that this is something that your mother would have always told you taberum

you wash your hands before eating taberu my knee before eating us

[Music] please wash your hands before eating day of course is here

very easy to remember now one two three and four four stroke

character you also have my over here which means ahead or before so you can see the character 1 2 3

you make a tsuki and then like this i'll write it again

like this my how many strokes to it one two three ichini sun

shi go roku nana hachi and q so nine strokes to this

character then we also have nerumani ha umigayte kudasai

please brush your teeth before you sleep

or nerumaini hamidaki oshtekudasai hamigaki brushing teeth

please brush your teeth before sleeping then you have hair nihi remini before you enter

hyrule that's the kanji so this is the first and this is the second stroke hiro

maini before no

so your elder brother is telling you you just entered the room without telling him and he is getting very angry and he

says no please knock before entering

or he ani romani please call

before entering kakeru is also call out aloud

kakeru has a lot of meanings one of them is okakete please call out before entering call my name before

entering ask permission then in our kaiwa we also had atode if you are going to do my then you also have to do ato

what does it mean it's a conjunction which shows that after one action is completed the next action is going to

take place so now how are you going to understand it you can only understand it with

sentences i have lots of them now no ato like you did now no my

so in a similar manner now no ato they after this one action is over

over then you do the second action

and verb is going to be in ta form which is past

now how is it done when you see the sentences you will understand so what can you see from here that the

action has completed as i told you just now and also this is talking about the past

all of this action is over because me mastha is used i

saw shokujino atode after i had my shokuji egao meemasta i saw the film then you have

more over here after i came back from my

tour should choose tour going on office duty outside from town so

and yasunda is the plain form the only difference between yasumi masta and yasunda is that this is

more informal and this is more polite to be used with people who are senior and in formal situations meaning

is exactly the same now you have a word over here which is khan [Music]

khan and this shows time [Music]

time span the kanji for khan is simple because you have done this

and nichi again so this is just an extension of nichi

like this so now how many strokes to this

character well one two three four five 6 7 8 9 10 11 and

12. so 12 strokes to khan ida this is also ida you also had this

word in the lesson so it's khan as well as ida means time

span time period now

shokuji over also can be used over here when talking during conversation

informal god can be removed after i finished after i finished

my shokuji my meals and you will see it is in past plain form

sugu is immediately immediately benkyo shimasta or benkyo hajimeta

i started to study i started doing my again you will notice that this is all

in the past this activity is over now sensei to

atode after i talk to my sensei in your last lesson we did also which means

with sensei and

me also talking

to sensei so toe and knee the differences of feeling sense

both are interacting whereas sensei only i am interacting so please remember that

sensitive after i had talked with sensei suguji keno hajime i started

doing my experiments or suggoji can o yarimashta i did my experiment

and over here it is started to do my experiments

so all of this is in the past this action is over you're talking of something which you did in the past

now ashta yogiyano atode let us watch

a film after our class so over here the activity is not over

kinokras so the moment you have kino it is in the past

we went yesterday after class to the library after i had kusuri

ichinichi all day long

nemasta i slept or

nirarena katta i could not sleep kusriyonda atode

is drinking actually but in english we would translate it to have

now we just did verb

indicates that action has to happen immediately after the first activity this is very clear with tekara that the

moment you do your first activity immediately you have to do the second activity whereas

with ato generally what happens is you finish one activity and you may or may not do the activity immediately it

could happen anytime later and also you will realize that with

tekara the second activity is actually important and so it is in your control that is you know that

you have to do it and the time frame is also there whereas with

the subject may not do the activity himself or

you could also say in one way that the action may not be in his control could be

out of his control completely so you can see vatashiva mainichi shower abitakara

nemas so this activity important this activity also important but

no water after i have taken my shower i sleep

or you also have vatashiva my niche after i have given her a call talk to her i

sleep so immediately after this activity you perform this

second activity now sampus te kara shaba o abi masta so

after i took a walk

i went for a shower i took a shower as

well so this activity first and then this activity

not the other way around s i took a sample sometime

maybe i go after two hours take a shower maybe i take it immediately maybe i take it even

later so ato they has this thing that this activity may not happen immediately after

this first activity this is the only important part over here the more you use it the easier it

becomes this is a statement not something that

the person has already done so well i think this part is clear to all of you

so with this i think i will end the class here all of you should practice what we have

done remember verb tekara and verb takara where it is to be used koto is also very easy make

sentences and practice with your partner you will be able to use it with nouns and with verbs and adjectives easily

come prepared for your next class we'll do something new and try to continue what we have

left here in the kaiwa there's lots more in the kaiva with this thank you very much all of you

and mata aimasha arigato gozaimasu [Music]

[Music] you