The Future of Technology: A Conversation with NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang

At some point, you have to believe something.  We've reinvented computing as we know it. What is the vision for what you see coming next? We  asked ourselves, if it can do this, how far can it go? How do we get from the robots that  we have now to the future world that you

see? Cleo, everything that moves will be  robotic someday and it will be soon. We invested tens of billions of dollars before  it really happened. No that's very good, you did some research! But the big breakthrough  I would say is when we...

That's Jensen Huang, and whether you know it or not his decisions are shaping your future. He's the CEO of NVIDIA, the company that skyrocketed over the past few years to become one of the most valuable companies in the world because they led a fundamental shift  in how computers work unleashing this current

explosion of what's possible with technology.  "NVIDIA's done it again!" We found ourselves being one of the most important technology companies in  the world and potentially ever. A huge amount of the most futuristic tech that you're hearing about in AI and robotics and gaming and self-driving

cars and breakthrough medical research relies on  new chips and software designed by him and his company. During the dozens of background interviews  that I did to prepare for this what struck me most was how much Jensen Huang has already influenced  all of our lives over the last 30 years, and how

many said it's just the beginning of something  even bigger. We all need to know what he's building and why and most importantly what he's trying  to build next. Welcome to Huge Conversations... Thank you so much for doing this. I'm so happy to do  it. Before we dive in, I wanted to tell you

how this interview is going to be a little bit  different than other interviews I've seen you do recently. Okay! I'm not going to ask you any  questions about - you could ask - company finances, thank you! I'm not going to ask you questions  about your management style or why you don't

like one-on ones. I'm not going to ask you  about regulations or politics. I think all of those things are important but I think that our  audience can get them well covered elsewhere. Okay. What we do on huge if true is we make optimistic  explainer videos and we've covered - I'm the worst

person to be an explainer video. I think you  might be the best and I think that's what I'm really hoping that we can do together is make a  joint explainer video about how can we actually use technology to make the future better. Yeah. And  we do it because we believe that when people see

those better futures, they help build them. So  the people that you're going to be talking to are awesome. They are optimists who want to  build those better futures but because we cover so many different topics, we've covered  supersonic planes and quantum computers and

particle colliders, it means that millions  of people come into every episode without any prior knowledge whatsoever. You might be  talking to an expert in their field who doesn't know the difference between a CPU and a GPU or a  12-year-old who might grow up one day to be you

but is just starting to learn. For my part,  I've now been preparing for this interview for several months, including doing background  conversations with many members of your team but I'm not an engineer. So my goal is to help that  audience see the future that you see so I'm going

to ask about three areas: The first is, how did we  get here? What were the key insights that led to this big fundamental shift in computing that we're  in now? The second is, what's actually happening right now? How did those insights lead to the world  that we're now living in that seems like so much

is going on all at once? And the third is, what is  the vision for what you see coming next? In order to talk about this big moment we're in with AI  I think we need to go back to video games in the '90s. At the time I know game developers wanted  to create more realistic looking graphics but

the hardware couldn't keep up with all of that  necessary math. NVIDIA came up with a solution that would change not just games  but computing itself. Could you take us back there and explain what was happening and what  were the insights that led you and the NVIDIA

team to create the first modern GPU? So in the  early '90s when we first started the company we observed that in a software program inside  it there are just a few lines of code, maybe 10% of the code, does 99% % of the processing  and that 99% of the processing could be done

in parallel. However the other 90% of the code  has to be done sequentially. It turns out that the proper computer the perfect computer is one  that could do sequential processing and parallel processing not just one or the other. That was the  big observation and we set out to build a company

to solve computer problems that normal computers  can't. And that's really the beginning of NVIDIA. My favorite visual of why a CPU versus a  GPU really matters so much is a 15-year-old video on the NVIDIA YouTube channel where the  Mythbusters, they use a little robot shooting

paintballs one by one to show solving problems  one at a time or sequential processing on a CPU, but then they roll out this huge robot  that shoots all of the paintballs at once doing smaller problems all at the same  time or parallel processing on a GPU.

"3... 2... 1..." So Nvidia unlocks all of this new power for video games. Why gaming first? The video games requires parallel processing for processing  3D graphics and we chose video games because, one, we loved the application, it's a simulation  of virtual worlds and who doesn't want to go to

virtual worlds and we had the good observation  that video games has potential to be the largest market for for entertainment ever. And it turned  out to be true. And having it being a large market is important because the technology is complicated  and if we had a large market, our R&D budget could

be large, we could create new technology. And that  flywheel between technology and market and greater technology was really the flywheel that  got NVIDIA to become one of the most important technology companies in the world. It was all  because of video games. I've heard you say that

GPUs were a time machine? Yeah. Could you tell me  more about what you meant by that? A GPU is like a time machine because it lets you see the future  sooner. One of the most amazing things anybody's ever said to me was a quantum chemistry  scientist. He said, Jensen, because of NVIDIA's work,

I can do my life's work in my lifetime. That's time  travel. He was able to do something that was beyond his lifetime within his lifetime and this is  because we make applications run so much faster and you get to see the future. And so when you're  doing weather prediction for example, you're seeing

the future when you're doing a simulation  a virtual city with virtual traffic and we're simulating our self-driving car through  that virtual city, we're doing time travel. So parallel processing takes off in gaming and it's  allowing us to create worlds in computers that

we never could have before and and gaming is sort  of this this first incredible cas Cas of parallel processing unlocking a lot more power and then  as you said people begin to use that power across many different industries. The case of the of the  quantum chemistry researcher, when I've heard you

tell that story it's that he was running molecular  simulations in a way where it was much faster to run in parallel on NVIDIA GPUs even then than it  was to run them on the supercomputer with the CPU that he had been using before. Yeah that's true. So  oh my god it's revolutionizing all of these other

industries as well, it's beginning to change  how we see what's possible with computers and my understanding is that in the early 2000s you  see this and you realize that actually doing that is a little bit difficult because what that  researcher had to do is he had to sort of trick

the GPUs into thinking that his problem was a  graphics problem. That's exactly right, no that's very good, you did some research. So you create  a way to make that a lot easier. That's right Specifically it's a platform called CUDA which  lets programmers tell the GPU what to do using

programming languages that they already know like  C and that's a big deal because it gives way more people easier access to all of this computing  power. Could you explain what the vision was that led you to create CUDA? Partly researchers  discovering it, partly internal inspiration and

and partly solving a problem. And you know a  lot of interesting interesting ideas come out of that soup. You know some of it is aspiration  and inspiration, some of it is just desperation you know. And so in the case of CUDA is very  much this the same way and probably the first

external ideas of using our GPUs for parallel  processing emerged out of some interesting work in medical imaging a couple of researchers  at Mass General were using it to do CT reconstruction. They were using our graphics  processors for that reason and it inspired us.

Meanwhile the problem that we're trying to solve  inside our company has to do with the fact that when you're trying to create these virtual worlds  for video games, you would like it to be beautiful but also dynamic. Water should flow like water and  explosions should be like explosions. So there's

particle physics you want to do, fluid dynamics  you want to do and that is much harder to do if your pipeline is only able to do computer graphics.  And so we have a natural reason to want to do it in the market that we were serving. So  researchers were also horsing around with using

our GPUs for general purpose uh acceleration and  and so there there are multiple multiple factors that were coming together in that soup, we  just when the time came and we decided to do something proper and created a CUDA as  a result of that. Fundamentally the reason why

I was certain that CUDA was going to be successful  and we put the whole company behind it was because fundamentally our GPU was going to be  the highest volume parallel processors built in the world because the market of video games was so  large and so this architecture has a good chance

of reaching many people. It has seemed to me like  creating CUDA was this incredibly optimistic "huge if true" thing to do where you were saying, if we  create a way for many more people to use much more computing power, they might create incredible  things. And then of course it came true. They did.

In 2012, a group of three researchers submits an  entry to a famous competition where the goal is to create computer systems that could recognize  images and label them with categories. And their entry just crushes the competition. It gets way  fewer answers wrong. It was incredible. It blows

everyone away. It's called AlexNet, and it's a kind  of AI called the neural network. My understanding is one reason it was so good is that they used  a huge amount of data to train that system and they did it on NVIDIA GPUs. All of a sudden,  GPUs weren't just a way to make computers faster

and more efficient they're becoming the engines  of a whole new way of computing. We're moving from instructing computers with step-by-step directions  to training computers to learn by showing them a huge number of examples. This moment in 2012 really  kicked off this truly seismic shift that we're

all seeing with AI right now. Could you describe  what that moment was like from your perspective and what did you see it would mean for all of  our futures? When you create something new like CUDA, if you build it, they might not come. And that's always the cynic's perspective

however the optimist's perspective would say, but  if you don't build it, they can't come. And that's usually how we look at the world. You know we  have to reason about intuitively why this would be very useful. And in fac, in 2012 Ilya Sutskever,  and Alex Krizhevsky and Geoff Hinton in the University

of Toronto the lab that they were at they reached  out to a gForce GTX 580 because they learned about CUDA and that CUDA might be able to to be used as  a parallel processor for training AlexNet and so our inspiration that GeForce could be the the  vehicle to bring out this parallel architecture

into the world and that researchers would somehow  find it someday was a good was a good strategy. It was a strategy based on hope, but it was also  reasoned hope. The thing that really caught our attention was simultaneously we were trying  to solve the computer vision problem inside the

company and we were trying to get CUDA to  be a good computer vision processor and we were frustrated by a whole bunch of early  developments internally with respect to our computer vision effort and getting CUDA to be  able to do it. And all of a sudden we saw AlexNet,

this new algorithm that is completely  different than computer vision algorithms before it, take a giant leap in terms of capability  for computer vision. And when we saw that it was partly out of interest but partly because we were  struggling with something ourselves. And so we were

we were highly interested to want to see it work.  And so when we when we looked at AlexNet we were inspired by that. But the big breakthrough I  would say is when we when we saw AlexNet, we asked ourselves you know, how far can AlexNet  go? If it can do this with computer vision, how

far can it go? And if it if it could go to the  limits of what we think it could go, the type of problems it could solve, what would it mean for  the computer industry? And what would it mean for the computer architecture? And we were,  we rightfully reasoned that if machine learning,

if the deep learning architecture can scale,  the vast majority of machine learning problems could be represented with deep neural networks. And  the type of problems we could solve with machine learning is so vast that it has the potential of  reshaping the computer industry altogether,

which prompted us to re-engineer the entire  computing stack which is where DGX came from and this little baby DGX sitting here, all of  this came from from that observation that we ought to reinvent the entire computing stack layer by  layer by layer. You know computers, after 65 years

since IBM System 360 introduced modern general  purpose computing, we've reinvented computing as we know it. To think about this as a whole story, so  parallel processing reinvents modern gaming and revolutionizes an entire industry then that way  of computing that parallel processing begins to

be used across different industries. You invest  in that by building CUDA and then CUDA and the use of GPUs allows for a a step change in neural  networks and machine learning and begins a sort of revolution that we're now seeing only  increase in importance today... All of a sudden

computer vision is solved. All of a sudden speech  recognition is solved. All of a sudden language understanding is solved. These incredible  problems associated with intelligence one by one by one by one where we had no solutions  for in past, desperate desire to have solutions

for, all of a sudden one after another get solved  you know every couple of years. It's incredible. Yeah so you're seeing that, in 2012 you're  looking ahead and believing that that's the future that you're going to be living in now,  and you're making bets that get you there, really

big bets that have very high stakes. And then my  perception as a lay person is that it takes a pretty long time to get there. You make these bets -  8 years, 10 years - so my question is: If AlexNet that happened in 2012 and this audience  is probably seeing and hearing so much more about

AI and NVIDIA specifically 10 years later,  why did it take a decade and also because you had placed those bets, what did the middle  of that decade feel like for you? Wow that's a good question. It probably felt like today. You  know to me, there's always some problem and

then there's some reason to be to be  impatient. There's always some reason to be happy about where you are and there's always  many reasons to carry on. And so I think as I was reflecting a second ago, that sounds like this  morning! So but I would say that in all things that

we pursue, first you have to have core beliefs. You  have to reason from your best principles and ideally you're reasoning from it from principles  of either physics or deep understanding of the industry or deep understanding of the  science, wherever you're reasoning from, you

reason from first principles. And at some point you  have to believe something. And if those principles don't change and the assumptions don't change, then you, there's no reason to change your core beliefs. And then along the way there's always  some evidence of you know of success and

and that you're leading in the right  direction and sometimes you know you go a long time without evidence of success and you  might have to course correct a little but the evidence comes. And if you feel like you're  going in the right direction, we just keep on going.

The question of why did we stay so committed for  so long, the answer is actually the opposite: There was no reason to not be committed because we are,  we believed it. And I've believed in NVIDIA for 30 plus years and I'm still here working  every single day. There's no fundamental

reason for me to change my belief system and  I fundamentally believe that the work we're doing in revolutionizing computing  is as true today, even more true today than it was before. And so we'll stick  with it you know until otherwise. There's

of course very difficult times along the way. You  know when you're investing in something and nobody else believes in it and cost a lot of money and  you know maybe investors or or others would rather you just keep the profit or you know whatever it  is improve the share price or whatever it is.

But you have to believe in your future. You have to  invest in yourself. And we believe this so deeply that we invested you know tens  of billions of dollars before it really happened. And yeah it was, it was 10 long  years. But it was fun along the way.

How would you summarize those core beliefs? What  is it that you believe about the way computers should work and what they can do for us that keeps  you not only coming through that decade but also doing what you're doing now, making bets I'm sure  you're making for the next few decades? The first

core belief was our first discussion, was about  accelerated computing. Parallel computing versus general purpose computing. We would add  two of those processors together and we would do accelerated computing. And I continue to believe  that today. The second was the recognition

that these deep learning networks, these DNNs, that  came to the public during 2012, these deep neural networks have the ability to learn patterns and  relationships from a whole bunch of different types of data. And that it can learn more and  more nuanced features if it could be larger

and larger. And it's easier to make them larger and  larger, make them deeper and deeper or wider and wider, and so the scalability of the architecture  is empirically true. The fact that model size and the data size being larger  and larger, you can learn more knowledge is

also true, empirically true. And so if that's  the case, you could you know, what what are the limits? There not, unless there's a physical limit  or an architectural limit or mathematical limit and it was never found, and so we believe that you  could scale it. Then the question, the only other

question is: What can you learn from data? What  can you learn from experience? Data is basically digital versions of human experience. And so what  can you learn? You obviously can learn object recognition from images. You can learn speech  from just listening to sound. You can learn

even languages and vocabulary and syntax and  grammar and all just by studying a whole bunch of letters and words. So we've now demonstrated  that AI or deep learning has the ability to learn almost any modality of data and it can translate  to any modality of data. And so what does that mean?

You can go from text to text, right, summarize a  paragraph. You can go from text to text, translate from language to language. You can go from text  to images, that's image generation. You can go from images to text, that's captioning. You can even go  from amino acid sequences to protein structures.

In the future, you'll go from protein to words: "What  does this protein do?" or "Give me an example of a protein that has these properties." You know  identifying a drug target. And so you could just see that all of these problems are around  the corner to be solved. You can go from words

to video, why can't you go from words to action  tokens for a robot? You know from the computer's perspective how is it any different? And so it  it opened up this universe of opportunities and universe of problems that we can go solve. And  that gets us quite excited. It feels like

we are on the cusp of this truly enormous change.  When I think about the next 10 years, unlike the last 10 years, I know we've gone through a lot of  change already but I don't think I can predict anymore how I will be using the technology that is  currently being developed. That's exactly right. I

think the last 10, the reason why you feel that way  is, the last 10 years was really about the science of AI. The next 10 years we're going to have plenty  of science of AI but the next 10 years is going to be the application science of AI. The fundamental  science versus the application science. And so the

the applied research, the application side of AI  now becomes: How can I apply AI to digital biology? How can I apply AI to climate technology? How can  I apply AI to agriculture, to fishery, to robotics, to transportation, optimizing logistics? How can  I apply AI to you know teaching? How do I apply AI

to you know podcasting right? I'd love to  choose a couple of those to help people see how this fundamental change in computing that we've  been talking about is actually going to change their experience of their lives, how they're  actually going to use technology that is based

on everything we just talked about. One of the  things that I've now heard you talk a lot about and I have a particular interest in is physical  AI. Or in other words, robots - "my friends!" - meaning humanoid robots but also robots like self-driving  cars and smart buildings or autonomous warehouses

or autonomous lawnmowers or more. From what  I understand, we might be about to see a huge leap in what all of these robots are capable of  because we're changing how we train them. Up until recently you've either had to train your robot in  the real world where it could get damaged or wear

down or you could get data from fairly limited  sources like humans in motion capture suits. But that means that robots aren't getting as many  examples as they'd need to learn more quickly. But now we're starting to train robots in digital  worlds, which means way more repetitions a day, way

more conditions, learning way faster. So we could  be in a big bang moment for robots right now and NVIDIA is building tools to make that happen. You  have Omniverse and my understanding is this is 3D worlds that help train robotic systems so that  they don't need to train in the physical world.

That's exactly right. You just just announced  Cosmos which is ways to make that 3D universe much more realistic. So you can get all kinds  of different, if we're training something on this table, many different kinds of lighting on the  table, many different times of day, many different

you know experiences for the robot to go through  so that it can get even more out of Omniverse. As a kid who grew up loving Data on Star Trek, Isaac  Asimov's books and just dreaming about a future with robots, how do we get from the robots that we have  now to the future world that you see of robotics?

Yeah let me use language models maybe ChatGPT  as a reference for understanding Omniverse and Cosmos. So first of all when ChatGPT first  came out it, it was extraordinary and it has the ability to do to basically from  your prompt, generate text. However, as amazing as

it was, it has the tendency to hallucinate if it goes on too long or if it pontificates about a topic it you know is not informed about, it'll  still do a good job generating plausible answers. It just wasn't grounded in the truth. And so people called it hallucination. And

so the next generation shortly it was, it had  the ability to be conditioned by context, so you could upload your PDF and now it's grounded  by the PDF. The PDF becomes the ground truth. It could be it could actually look up search and  then the search becomes its ground truth. And

between that it could reason about what is how  to produce the answer that you're asking for. And so the first part is a generative AI and the  second part is ground truth. Okay and so now let's come into the the physical world. The world model, we need a foundation model just like

we need ChatGPT had a core foundation model  that was the breakthrough in order for robotics to to be smart about the physical world. It has to  understand things like gravity, friction, inertia, geometric and spatial awareness. It has to uh  understand that an object is sitting there even

when I looked away when I come back it's still  sitting there, object permanence. It has to understand cause and effect. If I tip it, it'll  fall over. And so these kind of physical common sense if you will has to be captured or  encoded into a world foundation model so that

the AI has world common sense. Okay and so we  have to go, somebody has to go create that, and that's what we did with Cosmos. We created a world  language model. Just like ChatGPT was a language model, this is a world model. The second thing we have to  go do is we have to do the same thing that we did

with PDFs and context and grounding it with  ground truth. And so the way we augment Cosmos with ground truth is with physical simulations,  because Omniverse uses physics simulation which is based on principled solvers. The mathematics  is Newtonian physics is the, right, it's the math we

know, all of the the fundamental laws of  physics we've understood for a very long time. And it's encoded into, captured into Omniverse.  That's why Omniverse is a simulator. And using the simulator to ground or to condition Cosmos, we can  now generate an infinite number of stories of the

future. And they're grounded on physical truth. Just  like between PDF or search plus ChatGPT, we can generate an infinite amount of interesting things,  answer a whole bunch of interesting questions. The combination of Omniverse plus Cosmos, you could  do that for the physical world. So to illustrate

this for the audience, if you had a robot in a  factory and you wanted to make it learn every route that it could take, instead of manually  going through all of those routes, which could take days and could be a lot of wear and tear on  the robot, we're now able to simulate all of them

digitally in a fraction of the time and in many  different situations that the robot might face - it's dark, it's blocked it's etc - so the robot  is now learning much much faster. It seems to me like the future might look very different than  today. If you play this out 10 years, how do you see

people actually interacting with this technology  in the near future? Cleo, everything that moves will be robotic someday and it will be soon. You  know the the idea that you'll be pushing around a lawn mower is already kind of silly. You know  maybe people do it because because it's fun but

but there's no need to. And every car is  going to be robotic. Humanoid robots, the technology necessary to make it possible, is just around  the corner. And so everything that moves will be robotic and they'll learn how to be  a robot in Omniverse Cosmos and we'll generate

all these plausible, physically plausible futures  and the the robots will learn from them and then they'll come into the physical world and you  know it's exactly the same. A future where you're just surrounded by robots is for certain.  And I'm just excited about having my own R2-D2.

And of course R2-D2 wouldn't be quite the can that  it is and roll around. It'll be you know R2-D2 yeah, it'll probably be a different physical  embodiment, but it's always R2. You know so my R2 is going to go around with me. Sometimes it's in my  smart glasses, sometimes it's in my phone, sometimes

it's in my PC. It's in my car. So R2 is with me  all the time including you know when I get home you know where I left a physical version of R2. And  you know whatever that version happens to be you know, we'll interact with R2. And so I  think the idea that we'll have our own R2-D2 for

our entire life and it grows up with us, that's  a certainty now yeah. I think a lot of news media when they talk about futures like this they focus  on what could go wrong. And that makes sense. There is a lot that could go wrong. We should talk about  what could go wrong so we could keep it from from

going wrong. Yeah that's the approach that we like  to take on the show is, what are the big challenges so that we can overcome them? Yeah. What buckets do  you think about when you're worrying about this future? Well there's a whole bunch of the  stuff that everybody talks about: Bias or toxicity

or just hallucination. You know speaking with  great confidence about something it knows nothing about and as a result we rely on that information.  Generating, that's a version of generating fake information, fake news or fake images  or whatever it is. Of course impersonation.

It does such a good job pretending to be a  human, it could be it could do an incredibly good job pretending to be a specific human. And so the spectrum of areas we have to be concerned about is fairly clear and  there's a lot of people who are

working on it. There's a some of the stuff,  some of the stuff related to AI safety requires deep research and deep engineering and  that's simply, it wants to do the right thing it just didn't perform it right and as a result hurt  somebody. You know for example self-driving car

that wants to drive nicely and drive properly  and just somehow the sensor broke down or it didn't detect something. Or you know made it  too aggressive turn or whatever it is. It did it poorly. It did it wrongly. And so that's a whole bunch of engineering that has to

be done to to make sure that AI safety is upheld  by making sure that the product functions properly. And then and then lastly you know whatever what  happens if the system, the AI wants to do a good job but the system failed. Meaning the AI wanted  to stop something from happening

and it turned out just when it wanted to do  it, the machine broke down. And so this is no different than a flight computer inside  a plane having three versions of them and then so there's triple redundancy inside the  system inside autopilots and then you have two

pilots and then you have air traffic control  and then you have other pilots watching out for these pilots. And so that the AI safety  systems has to be architected as a community such that such that these AIs one, work, function properly. When they don't

function properly, they don't put people in harm's  way. And that they're sufficient safety and security systems all around them to make sure  that we keep AI safe. And so there's this spectrum of conversation is gigantic and and  you know we have to take the parts, take the

parts apart and and build them as engineers. One  of the incredible things about this moment that we're in right now is that we no longer have a  lot of the technological limits that we had in a world of CPUs and sequential processing. And we've  unlocked not only a new way to do computing and

and but also a way to continue to improve. Parallel  processing has a a different kind of physics to it than the improvements that we were able to make  on CPUs. I'm curious, what are the scientific or technological limitations that we face now in  the current world that you're thinking a lot

about? Well everything in the end is about how much  work you can get done within the limitations of the energy that you have. And so that's  a physical limit and the laws of physics about transporting information and  transporting bits, flipping bits and transporting

bits, at the end of the day the energy it takes  to do that limits what we can get done. And the amount of energy that we have limits what we can  get done. We're far from having any fundamental limits that keep us from advancing. In the meantime,  we seek to build better and more energy efficient

computers. This little computer, the the  big version of it was $250,000 - Pick up? - Yeah Yeah that's little baby DIGITS yeah. This is  an AI supercomputer. The version that I delivered, this is just a prototype so it's a mockup. The very first version was DGX 1, I

delivered to Open AI in 2016 and that was $250,000.  10,000 times more power, more energy necessary than this version and this version has six times  more performance. I know, it's incredible. We're in a whole in the world. And it's only since 2016  and so eight years later we've in increased the

energy efficiency of computing by 10,000 times.  And imagine if we became 10,000 times more energy efficient or if a car was 10,000 times more  energy efficient or electric light bulb was 10,000 times more energy efficient. Our light  bulb would be right now instead of 100 Watts,

10,000 times less producing the same illumination.  Yeah and so the energy efficiency of computing particularly for AI computing that we've  been working on has advanced incredibly and that's essential because we want to create you  know more intelligent systems and and we want to

use more computation to be smarter and so  energy efficiency to do the work is our number one priority. When I was preparing for this interview, I  spoke to a lot of my engineering friends and this is a question that they really wanted me to ask. So  you're really speaking to your people here. You've

shown a value of increasing accessibility  and abstraction, with CUDA and allowing more people to use more computing power in all kinds of  other ways. As applications of technology get more specific, I'm thinking of transformers in AI for  example... For the audience, a transformer is a very

popular more recent structure of AI that's now  used in a huge number of the tools that you've seen. The reason that they're popular is because  transformers are structured in a way that helps them pay "attention" to key bits of information and  give much better results. You could build chips

that are perfectly suited for just one kind of AI  model, but if you do that then you're making them less able to do other things. So as these specific  structures or architectures of AI get more popular, my understanding is there's a debate between how  much you place these bets on "burning them into the

chip" or designing hardware that is very specific  to a certain task versus staying more general and so my question is, how do you make those bets? How  do you think about whether the solution is a car that could go anywhere or it's really optimizing  a train to go from A to B? You're making bets

with huge stakes and I'm curious how you think  about that. Yeah and that now comes back to exactly your question, what are your  core beliefs? And the question, the core belief either one, that transformer is the last AI  algorithm, AI architecture that any researcher will

ever discover again, or that transformers  is a stepping stone towards evolutions of transformers that are uh barely recognizable as a  transformer years from now. And we believe the latter. And the reason for that is because you  just have to go back in history and ask yourself,

in the world of computer algorithms, in  the world of software, in the world of engineering and innovation, has one idea stayed  along that long? And the answer is no. And so that's kind of the beauty, that's in fact  the essential beauty of a computer that it's able

to do something today that no one even imagined  possible 10 years ago. And if you would have, if you would have turned that computer 10 years ago  into a microwave, then why would the applications keep coming? And so we believe, we believe in the  richness of innovation and the

richness of invention and we want to create an  architecture that let inventors and innovators and software programmers and AI researchers  swim in the soup and come up with some amazing ideas. Look at transformers. The fundamental  characteristic of a transformer is this idea

called "attention mechanism" and it basically says  the transformer is going to understand the meaning and the relevance of every single word with every  other word. So if you had 10 words, it has to figure out the relationship across 10 of them. But if you  have a 100,000 words or if your context is

now as large as, read a PDF and that read a whole  bunch of PDFs, and the context window is now like a million tokens, the processing all of it across  all of it is just impossible. And so the way you solve that problem is there all kinds of new ideas,  flash attention or hierarchical attention or you

know all the, wave attention I just read about  the other day. The number of different types of attention mechanisms that have been invented  since the transformer is quite extraordinary. And so I think that that's going to continue  and we believe it's going to continue and that

that computer science hasn't ended and that AI  research have not all given up and we haven't given up anyhow and that having a  computer that enables the flexibility of of research and innovation and new ideas is  fundamentally the most important thing. One of the

things that I am just so curious about, you design  the chips. There are companies that assemble the chips. There are companies that design hardware to  make it possible to work at nanometer scale. When you're designing tools like this, how do you think  about design in the context of what's physically

possible right now to make? What are the things  that you're thinking about with sort of pushing that limit today? The way we do it is even  though even though we have things made like for example our chips are made by TSMC. Even though  we have them made by TSMC, we assume that we need

to have the deep expertise that TSMC has. And so  we have people in our company who are incredibly good at semiconductive physics so that we have a  feeling for, we have an intuition for, what are the limits of what today's semiconductor physics  can do. And then we work very closely with them to

discover the limits because we're trying to push  the limits and so we discover the limits together. Now we do the same thing in system engineering and  cooling systems. It turns out plumbing is really important to us because of liquid cooling.  And maybe fans are really important to us

because of air cooling and we're trying to design  these fans in a way almost like you know they're aerodynamically sound so that we could pass the  highest volume of air, make the least amount of noise. So we have aerodynamics engineers in our company. And so even though even though we don't

make 'em, we design them and we have to deep  expertise of knowing how to have them made. And and from that we try to push the  limits. One of the themes of this conversation is that you are a person who makes big bets on the  future and time and time again you've been right

about those bets. We've talked about GPUs, we've  talked about CUDA, we've talked about bets you've made in AI - self-driving cars, and we're going to  be right on robotics and - this is my question. What are the bets you're making now? the latest bet we just described at the CES and I'm very very proud

of it and I'm very excited about it is the  fusion of Omniverse and Cosmos so that we have this new type of generative world generation  system, this multiverse generation system. I think that's going to be profoundly important in  the future of robotics and physical systems.

Of course the work that we're doing with human  robots, developing the tooling systems and the training systems and the human demonstration  systems and all of this stuff that that you've already mentioned, we're just seeing the  beginnings of that work and I think the

next 5 years are going to be very interesting in  the world of human robotics. Of course the work that we're doing in digital biology so that  we can understand the language of molecules and understand the language of cells and just as  we understand the language of physics and the

physical world we'd like to understand the language  of the human body and understand the language of biology. And so if we can learn that, and we can  predict it. Then all of a sudden our ability to have a digital twin of the human is plausible.  And so I'm very excited about that work. I love

the work that we're doing in climate science  and be able to, from weather predictions, understand and predict the high resolution regional climates,  the weather patterns within a kilometer above your head. That we can somehow predict that with  great accuracy, its implications is really quite

profound. And so the number of things that  we're working on is really cool. You know we we're fortunate that we've created this  this instrument that is a time machine and we need time machines in all of these areas that  we just talked about so that we can see

the future. And if we could see the future and  we can predict the future then we have a better chance of making that future the best version  of it. And that's the reason why scientists want to predict the future. That's the reason why,  that's the reason why we try to predict the future

and everything that we try to design so that we  can optimize for the best version. So if someone is watching this and maybe they came into  this video knowing that NVIDIA is an incredibly important company but not fully understanding why  or how it might affect their life and they're now

hopefully better understanding a big shift that  we've gone through over the last few decades in computing, this very exciting, very sort of strange  moment that we're in right now, where we're sort of on the precipice of so many different things.  If they would like to be able to look into the

future a little bit, how would you advise them to  prepare or to think about this moment that they're in personally with respect to how these tools  are actually going to affect them? Well there are several ways to reason about the future that  we're creating. One way to reason about it is,

suppose the work that you do continues to  be important but the effort by which you do it went from you know being a week long  to almost instantaneous. You know that the effort of drudgery basically goes to zero.  What is the implication of that? This is, this

is very similar to what would change if all  of a sudden we had highways in this country? And that kind of happened you know in the last  Industrial Revolution, all of a sudden we have interstate highways and when you have interstate  highways what happens? Well you know suburbs start

to be created and and all of a sudden you know  distribution of goods from east to west is no longer a concern and all of a sudden gas  stations start cropping up on highways and and fast food restaurants show up and you  know someone, some motels show up because people

you know traveling across the state, across the  country and just wanted to stay somewhere for a few hours or overnight, and so all of a sudden  new economies and new capabilities, new economies. What would happen if a video conference made  it possible for us to see each other without

having to travel anymore? All of a sudden  it's actually okay to work further away from home and from work, work and live  further away. And so you ask yourself kind of these questions. You know what would happen  if I have a software programmer with me

all the time and whatever it is I can dream up,  the software programmer could write for me. You know what would, what would happen  if I just had a seed of an idea and and I rough it out and all of sudden a you know  a prototype of a production was put in front

of me? And what how would that change my life and  how would that change my opportunity? And you know what does it free me to be able to do and  and so on so forth. And so I think that the next the next decade intelligence, not for everything  but for for some things, would basically become

superhuman. But I can tell  you exactly what that feels like. I'm surrounded by superhuman people, super intelligence from  my perspective because they're the best in the world at what they do and they do what they  do way better than I can do it. and I'm

surrounded by thousands of them and yet what it  it never one day caused me to to think all of a son I'm no longer necessary. It actually empowers  me and gives me the confidence to go tackle more and more ambitious things. And so suppose,  suppose now everybody is surrounded by these

super AIs that are very good at specific things  or good at some of the things. What would that make you feel? Well it's going to empower you,  it's going to make you feel confident and and I'm pretty sure you probably use ChatGPT and  AI and I feel more empowered today, more

confident to learn something today. The knowledge  of almost any particular field, the barriers to that understanding, it has been reduced and I have  a personal tutor with me all of the time. And so I think that that feeling should be universal. If there's one thing that I would

encourage everybody to do is to go get yourself  an AI tutor right away. And that AI tutor could of course just teach your things, anything you  like, help you program, help you write, help you analyze, help you think, help you reason,  you know all of those things is going to

really make you feel empowered and and I think  that going to be our future. We're going to become, we're going to become super humans,  not because we have super, we're going to become super humans because we have super AIs. Could you  tell us a little bit about each of these objects?

This is a new GeForce graphics card and yes and  this is the RTX 50 Series. It is essentially a supercomputer that you put into your PC and we  use it for gaming, of course people today use it for design and creative arts and it does amazing  AI. The real breakthrough here and this is

this is truly an amazing thing, GeForce  enabled AI and it enabled Geoff Hinton, Ilya Sutskever, Alex Krizhevsky to be able to train AlexNet. We discovered AI and we advanced AI then AI came back to GeForce to help computer graphics. And so here's  the amazing thing: Out of 8 million pixels or so in

a 4K display we are computing, we're processing  only 500,000 of them. The rest of them we use AI to predict. The AI guessed it and yet the image is  perfect. We inform it by the 500,000 pixels that we computed and we ray traced every single one and it's  all beautiful. It's perfect. And then we tell the

AI, if these are the 500,000 perfect pixels in this  screen, what are the other 8 million? And it goes it fills in the rest of the screen and it's perfect. And if you only have to do fewer pixels, are you able to invest more in doing that because you have  fewer to do so then the quality is better so the

extrapolation that the AI does... Exactly. Because  whatever computing, whatever attention you have, whatever resources you have, you can place it into  500,000 pixels. Now this is a perfect example of why AI is going to make us all superhuman, because  all of the other things that it can do, it'll do

for us, allows us to take our time and energy and  focus it on the really really valuable things that we do. And so we'll take our own resource which is  you know energy intensive, attention intensive, and we'll dedicated to the few 100,000 pixels and  use AI to superres, upres it you know to

everything else. And so this this graphics card  is now powered mostly by AI and the computer graphics technology inside is incredible as  well. And then this next one, as I mentioned earlier, in 2016 I built the first one for AI  researchers and we delivered the first one to Open AI

and Elon was there to receive it and this  version I built a mini mini version and the reason for that is because AI has now gone from AI  researchers to every engineer, every student, every AI scientist. And AI is going to be everywhere.  And so instead of these $250,000 versions we're

going to make these $3,000 versions and schools  can have them, you know students can have them, and you set it next to your PC or Mac and all of  a sudden you have your own AI supercomputer. And you could develop and build AIs. Build your own  AI, build your own R2-D2. What do you feel like is

important for this audience to know that I haven't  asked? One of the most important things I would advise is for example if I were a student today  the first thing I would do is to learn AI. How do I learn to interact with ChatGPT, how do I learn  to interact with Gemini Pro, and how do I learn

to interact with Grok? Learning how to interact with with AI is not unlike being someone who is really good at asking questions.  You're incredibly good at asking questions and and prompting AI is very very similar. You can't just randomly ask a bunch of questions

and so asking an AI to be assistant  to you requires some expertise and artistry and how to prompt it. And so if I were,  if I were a student today, irrespective whether it's for for math or for science or chemistry  or biology or doesn't matter what field of science

I'm going to go into or what profession, I'm  going to ask myself, how can I use AI to do my job better? If I want to be a lawyer, how can I use  AI to be a better lawyer? If I want to be a better do doctor, how can I use AI to be a better doctor?  If I want to be a chemist, how do I use AI to be

a better chemist? If I want to be a biologist, I how  do I use AI to be a better biologist? That question should be persistent across everybody. And just as  my generation grew up as the first generation that has to ask ourselves, how can we use computers  to do our jobs better? Yeah the generation before

us had no computers, my generation was the first  generation that had to ask the question, how do I use computers to do my job better? Remember I came  into the industry before Windows 95 right, 1984 there were no computers in offices. And after that,  shortly after that, computers started to emerge and

so we had to ask ourselves how do we use computers  to do our jobs better? The next generation doesn't have to ask that question but it has to ask  obviously next question, how can I use AI to do my job better? That is start and finish I think  for everybody. It's a really exciting and scary and

therefore worthwhile question I think for everyone.  I think it's going to be incredibly fun. AI is obviously a word that people are just learning  now but it's just you know, it's made your computer so much more accessible. It is  easier to prompt ChatGPT to ask it anything you

like than to go do the research yourself. And so  we've lowered a barrier of understanding, we've lowered a barrier of knowledge, we've  lowered a barrier of intelligence, and and everybody really had to just go try  it. You know the thing that's really really crazy

is if I put a computer in front of somebody and  they've never used a computer there is no chance they're going to learn that computer in a day. There's just no chance. Somebody really has to show it to you and yet with ChatGPT if you  don't know how to use it, all you have to do is

type in "I don't know how to use ChatGPT, tell  me," and it would come back and give you some examples and so that's the amazing thing. You know the amazing thing about intelligence is it'll help you along the way and make you uh  superhuman you know along the way. All right I have

one more question if you have a second. This is  not something that I planned to ask you but on the way here, I'm a little bit afraid of planes,  which is not my most reasonable quality, and the flight here was a little bit bumpy mhm very  bumpy and I'm sitting there and it's moving and

I'm thinking about what they're going to say at my  funeral and after - She asked good questions, that's what the tombstone's going to say - I  hope so! Yeah. And after I loved my husband and my friends and my family, the thing that I hoped that  they would talk about was optimism. I hope that

they would recognize what I'm trying to do here.  And I'm very curious for you, you've you've been doing this a long time, it feels like there's  so much that you've described in this vision ahead, what would the theme be that you would  want people to say about what you're trying to do?

Very simply, they made an extraordinary impact.  I think that we're fortunate because of some core beliefs a long time ago and sticking with  those core beliefs and building upon them we found ourselves today being one of  the most, one of the many most important and

consequential technology companies in the world and potentially ever. And so we take that responsibility very seriously. We work hard to make sure that the capabilities that we've created are  available to large companies as well as

individual researchers and developers, across  every field of science no matter profitable or not, big or small, famous or otherwise. And it's because of this understanding of the consequential work that we're doing and the  potential impact it has on so many people

that we want to make make this capability  as pervasively as possible and I do think that when we look back in a few  years, and I do hope that what the next generation realized is as they, well  first of all they're going to know us because of

all the you know gaming technology we create. I do think that we'll look back and the whole field of digital biology and life sciences has  been transformed. Our whole understanding of of material sciences has completely been  revolutionized. That robots are helping

us do dangerous and mundane things all over the  place. That if we wanted to drive we can drive but otherwise you know take a nap or enjoy  your car like it's a home theater of yours, you know read from work to home and at that  point you're hoping that you live far

away and so you could be in a car for longer.  And you look back and you realize that there's this company almost at  the epicenter of all of that and happens to be the company that you grew up playing games with.

I hope for that to be what the next generation learn. Thank you so much for your time. I enjoyed it, thank you! I'm glad!