Wi-Fi Standards, Frequencies, Bluetooth, RFID & NFC Explained

When we hear the term wireless technologies, most of us probably think about the wireless networks that we use

at home or at our business to be able to connect to other devices on the network or to the internet. This type of network

is one that is standardized by the ILE E. This is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. And the

committee that handles the standards for this type of network is the 802.11 committee. That's why you'll often hear

these networks referred to as 802.11 networks. However, the 802.11 committee realizes that using the 802.11 name

along with a series of letters to designate what version of the network it happens to be might be confusing for

some. So, in order to make this a bit easier to follow, they've changed the naming convention so that the 802.11 AC

standard is also called WFI 5. They then referred to the 802.11 AX standard as Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E for extended. And

the 802.11BE standard is also called Wi-Fi 7. This makes it a bit easier to

differentiate between versions. So instead of using those 802.11 names, you can simply use Wi-Fi 5, Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi

7, and so on. Our Wi-Fi networks have a number of different frequencies that they might use to be able to facilitate

this communication. And different standards of Wi-Fi use different frequencies. Most Wi-Fi networks will

use frequencies in the 2.4 GHz range, the 5 GHz range, and the 6 GHz range. And some access points and devices can

communicate across multiple ranges simultaneously. Instead of having to memorize or reference a specific

frequency, the 802.11 committee has grouped frequencies together into channels. These channels are much easier

to remember than the exact frequency value and allows you to quickly refer to where a frequency might be based on a

broader channel number. You can see these channels being used if you look at the wireless configuration for your

device. On my device, I'm running in the 2.4 GHz range on channel 6. If you go back to the ITLE E standards, you can

see that that is also the 2.437 GHz frequency that's being used for channel 6. I'm also using the 5 GHz

range. And you can see I'm using channel 44. If we look that up, we can see that I'm communicating on

5.220 GHz. You can see that it's much easier to refer back to channel 44 rather than specifying the

5.220 GHz frequency. We refer to the amount of spectrum that we would use as the bandwidth for that communication.

And it's very common to see bandwidths of 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz. Let's compare the different bandwidths and frequencies

that might be in use on an 802.11 network. Let's start with the 2.4 GHz spectrum. Relatively speaking, 2.4 GHz

doesn't provide you with many frequencies. And if you're using that in a confined area with a lot of wireless

networks, you may find that there's a lot of interference from other devices. This is showing three different 20

meghertz ranges that do not overlap in the 2.4 GHz spectrum, which means there's really three channels to choose

from if you're running something in 2.4 GHz. You can see now why we expanded into the 5 GHz range where you have many

more frequencies available. Not only in 20 MHz bandwidths, but if you wanted to use even more bandwidth on that network

to increase your throughput, you could have 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz in the 5 GHz spectrum. And when you look at 6

GHz, you can see that you have much more spectrum to work with, many more frequencies available that allow you a

lot of different bandwidths across the 6 GHz range. But 802.11 is not the only way to

transmit wirelessly. If you're using a wireless headset or wireless speakers, you're probably using Bluetooth to be

able to connect those devices to your computer. Bluetooth technology uses the 2.4 GHz range. You might also see this

referred to as the unlicensed ISM frequencies. That stands for the industrial, scientific, and medical

band. These are frequencies that don't require any specialized licenses to be able to use them, which is why we can

simply turn on our computers and be able to connect to other devices using 802.11 or Bluetooth. With 802.11, we can move

around a building and still have access to the network. But Bluetooth ranges are a bit more confined. This is why we

often will see these being used with devices that are personally connected to us. If you're using consumer devices

with Bluetooth, they have a maximum range of about 10 m. Another popular wireless technology

is RFID or radio frequency identification. RFID has many different uses. You might find it in the badges

you use to gain access to your building. There might be RFID tags inside products you might purchase or across an assembly

line. You might also find RFID technology inside of our pets. This allows you to scan the pet and know

immediately who that pet belongs to. This is an example of an RFID tag that's about the size of this grain of rice

that's right next to it. There are also other styles of tags. This one is flat. Commonly see this inside of access

cards. This design around the outside is the antenna. And if you look closely at the middle, you'll see the actual RFID

chip. You'll notice there's no battery connected to this RFID tag. It usually sits idle with no power whatsoever. But

when you bring a scanner close to this device, the power from that radio frequency is enough to power the RFID

tag. The scanner then receives an ID code from the tag and then compares that to the information it has in a database

to determine what that ID tag is referencing. There are also other types of RFID tags you might run into that do

have batteries that are able to be actively powered so that you're able to scan that device from a longer distance

away. And many of our mobile devices these days have another style of wireless technology known as NFC or near

field communication. NFC builds on the technology of RFID, which is generally a one-way communication and extends that

to have two-way communication to your NFC devices. One popular use of NFC is to use your phone or your smartwatch to

pay for products at a point of sale terminal. And if you've ever set up a device that needs to connect to a

Bluetooth network or a wireless network, it often uses NFC in conjunction with your mobile phone to be able to give it

the configuration parameters it needs to connect to your network. And since many people are carrying around their phones

with NFC functionality, you could use that to open a door or to provide a type of identification.